\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 ABO<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 ABO blood group system<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645:<\/p>\n \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 Population genetics<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649:<\/p>\n ABO gene<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0636\u062f\u0627\u062a (Antigens)<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 N-acetylgalactosamine<\/strong> \u2192 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 A<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 Galactose<\/strong> \u2192 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 B<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0646 ABO.<\/p>\n \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646:<\/p>\n \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a (DNA)<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645:<\/p>\n Deletion mutation<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0640DNA \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649:<\/p>\n \u0643\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (Codons)<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0643\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649:<\/p>\n Frameshift mutation<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062d:<\/p>\n \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0636\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629:<\/p>\n \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0636\u062f A<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0636\u062f B<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629:<\/p>\n \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0636\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645:<\/p>\n O01 allele<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O<\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0644 O<\/strong> \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0636:<\/p>\n Malaria<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 O<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649:<\/p>\n Rosetting<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O<\/strong> \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O.<\/p>\n \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649:<\/p>\n Genetic drift<\/strong> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O<\/strong> \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n 90 \u2013 100\u066a<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0644 O.<\/p>\n \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649:<\/p>\n Founder effect (\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062c\u0632\u0631:<\/p>\n \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O \u0628\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n Basque people<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O<\/strong>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0650 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649:<\/p>\n Balanced selection (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646)<\/strong><\/p>\n \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649:<\/p>\n Population bottleneck<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628:<\/p>\n \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u061f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 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\n
\n\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u061f
\n![\"\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627](\"https:\/\/peterforseo.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/abo-blood-group-types-erythrocytes-antigens-vector-61764046-300x124.avif\")
<\/h1>\n
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 70\u201380\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
\n\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 O<\/h1>\n
\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n
\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 O<\/h1>\n
\n\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 (Frameshift Mutation)
\n![\"\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062d](\"https:\/\/peterforseo.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/66bd5b2bf474594ec6bd9a72_V2_1723140334631_2e674f6b-63d2-4941-acb7-fdb39d24df5f_HIGH_RES-300x210.png\")
<\/h1>\n\n
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629<\/h1>\n
\n
\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0637\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0647.<\/p>\n
\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0644 O01<\/h1>\n
\n\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/h1>\n
\n\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/h1>\n
\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/h1>\n
\n\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631: \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626<\/h1>\n
\n
\n\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a: \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643<\/h1>\n
\n\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/h1>\n
\n\n
\n \n\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645<\/th>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n \n O<\/td>\n \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n A<\/td>\n \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n B<\/td>\n \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 O \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u061f<\/h1>\n
\n
\n\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631<\/h1>\n